The

necropolis A necropolis (plural necropolises, necropoles, necropoleis, necropoli) is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments. The name stems from the Ancient Greek ''nekropolis'', literally meaning "city of the dead". The term usually im ...

of Draʻ Abu el-Naga' ( ar, دراع ابو النجا) is located on the West Bank of the

Nile The Nile, , Bohairic , lg, Kiira , Nobiin: Áman Dawū is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has historically been considered the longest riv ...

Thebes, Egypt , image = Decorated pillars of the temple at Karnac, Thebes, Egypt. Co Wellcome V0049316.jpg , alt = , caption = Pillars of the Great Hypostyle Hall, in '' The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia'' , map_type ...

, just by the entrance of the dry bay that leads up to

Deir el-Bahari Deir el-Bahari or Dayr al-Bahri ( ar, الدير البحري, al-Dayr al-Baḥrī, the Monastery of the North) is a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor, Egypt. This is a part o ...

and north of the necropolis of

el-Assasif El-Assasif ( ar, العساسيف) is a necropolis near Luxor on the West Bank at Thebes, Egypt, Upper Egypt. It is located in the dry bay that leads up to Deir el-Bahari and south of the necropolis of Dra' Abu el-Naga'. El-Assasif contains buri ...

. The necropolis is located near the

Valley of the Kings The Valley of the Kings ( ar, وادي الملوك ; Late Coptic: ), also known as the Valley of the Gates of the Kings ( ar, وادي أبوا الملوك ), is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th ...

History

According to the German Institute of Archeology or DAI, "Dra' Abu el-Naga is one of the longest occupied necropolis of Ancient Egypt: it was used as a burial place almost continuously between the Middle Kingdom and the early Christian (Coptic) periods, i.e. a period of ca. 2500 years. The oldest graves documented so far date to the end of the 11th dynasty (ca. 2000 B.C.). During the

Seventeenth Dynasty The Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVII, alternatively 17th Dynasty or Dynasty 17) was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled in Upper Egypt during the late Second Intermediate Period, approximately from 1580 to 1550 BC. Its mainly Theb ...

and early 18th dynasty, kings and their wives were interred here. The social spectrum of the private necropolis ranges from simple burials with few grave goods to the burials of higher-ranking individuals e.g. the High Priests of Amun of Karnak and other high officials. In the early Middle Kingdom, at the end of the Second Intermediate Period and at the beginning of the

New Kingdom New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator ...

Dra' Abu el-Naga was the site of the residence cemetery, as Thebes/Waset had at this time become the imperial capital and seat of government. Dra' Abu el-Naga's significance as a holy burial ground, which increased with the presence of the royal tomb complexes, resulted primarily from its position directly opposite the Temple of Karnak: The Temple of Karnak is known to have been the main cult centre of Amun from the Middle Kingdom and then became one of Ancient Egypt's most important temples during the New Kingdom." During the Coptic eras, a monastery, Deir el-Bakhît, identified as the historical Theban Monastery of Saint Paulos, was built on the hilltop above the pharaonic cemetery.

Excavation

Deir el-Bakhit

The DAI in cooperation with Ludwig Maximilian University had been conducting work on the Deir el-Bakhit monastery from 2001 until at least 2004, under the direction of Prof. Dr. Günter Burkard and PD Dr. Daniel Polz.

Pharaonic-Era Tombs

According to the DAI, "Individual scenes from decorated graves, which are situated in the necropolis and date to the New Kingdom, were documented and published in 1845 during the course of the expedition led by Carl Richard Lepsius. The first significant and to some extent documented excavations were undertaken by Joseph Passalacqua between 1822 and 1825 and concentrated on a number of shaft graves. Particular interest in Dra' Abu el-Naga came as a result of the discovery of three royal coffins of the Second Intermediate Period, one of which belonged to

Nubkheperre Intef Nubkheperre Intef (or Antef, Inyotef, sometimes referred to as Intef VI) was an Egyptian king of the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt at Thebes during the Second Intermediate Period, when Egypt was divided by rival dynasties including the Hyksos in ...

, which had been found by grave robbers in 1827 and then bought by the British Museum, London in 1835." (The other two coffins were for pharaoh

Kamose Kamose was the last Pharaoh of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty. He was possibly the son of Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep I and the uncle of Ahmose I, founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reign fell at the very end of the Second Intermediate Peri ...

and his wife

Ahhotep II Ahhotep II was an ancient Egyptian queen, and likely the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Kamose. Different Ahhoteps The naming / numbering by Egyptologists of the queens named Ahhotep has changed during the years. During the late nineteenth century ...

.) "In the years 1860 to 1862 Auguste Mariette initiated the apparently successful search of the tomb of this king. Mariette however did not document the location of the tomb and only an extremely cursive short description exists today. At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century a number of ventures were undertaken in Dra' Abu el-Naga, during the course of which individual graves and grave clusters were excavated and their decoration documented (e.g. Northampton/Spiegelberg/Newberry, 1898/99; H. Gauthier, 1906; Carter/Carnarvon, 1908; W.M.F. Petrie, 1909)." Clarence Fisher of the University of Pennsylvania Museum led an excavation effort from 1921-1923. This included work "in the tombs of New Kingdom officials and the mortuary complex of the 18th Dynasty king Amenhotep I and his wife Nefertari (1525-1504 B.C.)" Lanny Bell continued work at this site in 1967 concentrating on "the epigraphic recording and conservation of the decorated rock-cut tombs of Dynasty 19 (1292-1190 B.C.)." The work at the site provided significant artifacts for the Museum including statuary, pottery funerary furnishings and painted reliefs. From 1991 to 2000, the DAI in cooperation with the University of California Los Angeles undertook an excavation of the area "as, up until hen little was known about the architecture and composition of graves and funerary practices of the Second Intermediate Period and early New Kingdom (13th 18th dynasty, ca. 1790-1425 B.C.)." They in particular wanted to focus on the royal tomb complexes of the 17th dynasty, because prior to their work, "the general knowledge of these tombs was based on individual objects, which were part of their funerary equipment, but which lacked any definite provenience (e.g. two gilded wooden coffins and a limestone pyramidion). Such objects were stolen from their tombs during the 19th century and then gradually found their way into the art trade and finally into various European collections. The burial complexes themselves and their exact location remained undocumented. Consequently one main objective was the localisation of these tombs, the recording of their architecture and the reconstruction of the original context of the objects, which formed part of their burial equipment." Archeological work has been done in the area by the Spanish National Research Council in Madrid since January 2002. "The mission started focusing in and around the rock-cut tomb-chapels of Djehuty and Hery (TT 11 and 12), two high officials who served under

Hatshepsut Hatshepsut (; also Hatchepsut; Egyptian: '' ḥꜣt- špswt'' "Foremost of Noble Ladies"; or Hatasu c. 1507–1458 BC) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, af ...

and Queen Mother Ahhotep respectively, ca. 1520–1460 BCE....in 2008 the Spanish mission discovered an 11th/early 12th Dynasty burial three feet (one meter) below the floor of the open courtyard of the tomb-chapel of Djehuty (TT 11), including a wooden coffin painted in red with a polychrome inscription along its four sides and the lid. The mummy of its owner, called Iqer, was resting on his left side, with three staves and two bows placed along his body." 20 funerary shafts, four mudbrick offering chapels, four more rock-cut tombs from the 11th/early 12th dynasty, and a 9x7 (3 meters x 2.2.meters) funerary garden have been unearthed since 2011. This garden, lined with silt and lime mortar, "combined plants associated with food offerings, together with other plants that probably had an aesthetic and/or symbolic use, to be presented to the deceased as a wish for life/rebirth."

Tombs and structures

Theban Necropolis

There are at least 415 cataloged tombs in the

Theban Necropolis The Theban Necropolis is a necropolis on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes (Luxor) in Upper Egypt. It was used for ritual burials for much of the Pharaonic period, especially during the New Kingdom. Mortuary temples * Deir el-Bahri ...

, of which Dra' Abu el-Naga' is a part. Of these, the following are in Dra' Abu el-Naga' specifically.

TT (Theban Tomb) 1 to 100

* TT11 – Djehuty, overseer of the treasury under Queen

Baikie, James (1932). Egyptian Antiquities in the Nile Valley. Methuen. ( 18th Dynasty) * TT12 Hery, Overseer of the Granary of Queen Ahhotep ( 17th Dynasty) or 18th Dynasty) *

TT13 The Theban Tomb TT13 is located in Dra' Abu el-Naga', part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian Shuroy, who was ''Head of Brazier-bearers of Amun''. See also ...

–

Shuroy The ancient Egyptian Shuroy lived during the 20th Dynasty. He was buried in a tomb in the necropolis of Dra' Abu el-Naga' on the west bank of the Nile The Nile, , Bohairic , lg, Kiira , Nobiin: Áman Dawū is a major north-flowing river ...

, Chief of the Brazier-bearers of Amun ( 20th Dynasty) *

TT14 The Theban Tomb TT14 is located in Dra' Abu el-Naga'. It forms part of the Theban Necropolis, situated on the west bank of the Nile opposite Luxor. The tomb is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian Huy, who was a wab-priest of Amenhotep, the ...

Huy, Priest of Amenhotep, the Image of Amun (

19th Dynasty The Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XIX), also known as the Ramessid dynasty, is classified as the second Dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period, lasting from 1292 BC to 1189 BC. The 19th Dynasty and the 20th Dynasty furt ...

) *

TT15 The Theban Tomb TT15 is located in Dra' Abu el-Naga', part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian Tetiky, who was ''Mayor of Thebes'', during the reign of Ahmose ...

Tetiky, son of Rahotep, mayor of Thebes ( 18th Dynasty) *

TT16 The Theban Tomb TT16 is located in Dra' Abu el-Naga', part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian Panehsy, who was ''Prophet of Amenhotep (I) of the Forecourt'', ...

Panehsy Panehesy (also transcribed as PinhasyAldred, Cyril, Akhenaten: King of Egypt ,Thames and Hudson, 1991 (paperback), , pg 16,18,24,66,131,222 or PanehsyKemp, Barry, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People, Thames and Hudson, 2012 ...

, Prophet of Amenhotep of the Forecourt ( 20th Dynasty) *

TT17 The Theban Tomb TT17 is located in Dra Abu el-Naga, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian noble named Nebamun, who lived during the 18th Dynasty, during ...

Nebamun, Scribe and Physician of the King ( 18th Dynasty) * TT18 Baki, Chief Weigher of the Gold of Amun ( 18th Dynasty) * TT19 Amenmose, First Prophet of Amenhotep of the Forecourt ( 20th Dynasty) * TT20 Montukherkhopshef, mayor of Busiris ( 18th Dynasty)

TT (Theban Tomb) 101 to 200

* TT140 Kefia, also called Neferronpet, goldworker and portrait sculptor ( 18th Dynasty) * TT141 Bakenkhons, wab-priest at the fore of Amun (Ramesside Period) * TT142 Samut, overseer of works of Amun-Ra in

Karnak The Karnak Temple Complex, commonly known as Karnak (, which was originally derived from ar, خورنق ''Khurnaq'' "fortified village"), comprises a vast mix of decayed temples, pylons, chapels, and other buildings near Luxor, Egypt. Constru ...

( 18th Dynasty) * TT143 Unknown. * TT144 Nu, overseer of estate labor ( 18th Dynasty) * TT145 Nebamon, head of bowmen ( 18th Dynasty) * TT146 Nebamon, overseer of the granary of Amun, counter of grain, ''iny'' of the God's Wife ( 18th Dynasty) * TT147 possibly Heby. scribe who counts the cattle of Amun of Upper and Lower Egypt, Head Elder of the portal in

* TT148 Amenemopet, priest of Amun (Ramesside Period) Porter and Moss, Topographical Bibliography: The Theban Necropolis * TT149 Amenmose, royal scribe of the table of the Lord of the Two Lands, overseer of hunters of Amun (Ramesside Period) * TT150 Userhet, overseer of cattle of Amun ( 18th Dynasty) * TT151 Hety, scribe, counter of cattle of the God's Wife of Amun, steward of the God's Wife of Amun ( 18th Dynasty) * TT152 Unknown. (originally built in the 18th Dynasty but usurped during the Ramesside Period.) * TT153 Unknown. * TT154 Tati, cupbearer ( 18th Dynasty) * TT155 Intef, great herald of the kind ( 18th Dynasty) *

TT156 The Thebes, Egypt, Theban Tomb TT156 is located in Dra' Abu el-Naga', part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian Pennesuttawy, who was a troop commander and super ...

Pennesuttawy Pennesuttawy was a Military Commander and Superintendent of the Southern Lands (Kingdom of Kush, Kush) during the beginning of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Family Pennesuttawy was the son of Minhotep and Maia. He was a brother of the High Pr ...

, captain of troops, governor of the South Lands (

) * TT157

Nebwenenef Nebwenenef was High Priest of Amun at the beginning of the reign of Ramesses II during the 19th Dynasty. Prior to that, Nebwenenef had served as High Priest of Anhur and High Priest of Hathor during the reign of Seti I and possibly even e ...

, high priest of Amun (

) * TT158 Thonefer, third prophet of Amun ( 20th Dynasty) * TT159 Raia, fourth priest of Amun ( 20th Dynasty) * TT160 Besenmut, true king's acquaintance (

26th Dynasty The Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVI, alternatively 26th Dynasty or Dynasty 26) dynasty was the last native dynasty to rule Egypt before the Persian conquest in 525 BC (although others followed). The dynasty's reign (664–525 ...

) * TT161 Nakht, bearer of floral offerings of Amun ( 18th Dynasty) *

TT162 The Thebes, Egypt, Theban Tomb TT16 is located in Dra' Abu el-Naga', part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian Panehsy (TT16), Panehsy, who was ''Prophet of Amen ...

Kenamon, mayor of Thebes, overseer of the granary of Amun ( 18th Dynasty) * TT163 Amenemhat, mayor of Thebes, royal scribe (

) * TT164 Intef, scribe of recruits ( 18th Dynasty) * TT165 Nehemaway, goldsmith ( 18th Dynasty) * TT166 Ramose, overseer of works in

, overseer of cattle (late 18th Dynasty and early

) * TT167 Unknown.( 18th Dynasty) *

TT168 The Thebes, Egypt, Theban Tomb TT168 is located in Dra' Abu el-Naga'. It forms part of the Theban Necropolis, situated on the west bank of the Nile opposite Luxor. The tomb is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian Any (or Anuy), who was a God' ...

Any, Divine Father clean of hands, chosen lector of the lord of the gods (

) *

TT169 The Theban Tomb TT169 is located in Dra' Abu el-Naga', part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian Senna, who was the head of the goldworkers of Amun during th ...

Senena, head goldsmith of Amun ( 18th Dynasty)

TT (Theban Tomb) 201 to 300

* TT231 Nebamun, scribe, counter of grain of Amun in the granary of divine offerings ( 18th Dynasty) * TT232 Tharwas, scribe of the divine seal of the Amun treasury (Ramesside Period) * TT233 Saroy and Amenhotep, Royal Scribe of the offering table of the Lord of the Two Lands, Royal Scribe of the king's repast, Keeper of the royal documents in the presence (of the king), Leader of the Festival, Cattle Counter in the Estate of Amun, Royal Messenger to the hill country, Overseer of the hunters of Amun (Ramesside Period) * TT234 Roy, mayor ( 18th Dynasty) * TT236 Hornakht, second prophet of Amun and overseer of the treasury of Amun (Ramesside Period) * TT237 Wennefer, chief lector-priest (Ramesside Period) * TT241 Ahmose, Scribe of divine writings, Child of the nursery, Head of the mysteries in the House of the morning ( 18th Dynasty) * TT255 Roy, Royal Scribe, Steward of the estates of Horemheb and Amun ( 18th Dynasty) * TT260 User, Scribe, Weigher of Amun, overseer of fields of Amun ( 18th Dynasty) * TT261 Khaemwaset, wab-priest of Amenhotep I ( 18th Dynasty) * TT262 Unknown. overseer of fields ( 18th Dynasty) * TT281 Mentuhotep Sankhkare * TT282 Nakhtmin (Troop Commander) Head of the bowmen, Overseer of the South Lands (

) * TT283 Roma, also called Roy, high priest of Amun (

) * TT284 Pahemnetjer, scribe of offerings of all gods (Ramesside Period) * TT285 Iny, head of the magazines of

Mut Mut, also known as Maut and Mout, was a mother goddess worshipped in ancient Egypt and the Kingdom of Kush in present-day North Sudan. In Meroitic, her name was pronounced mata): 𐦨𐦴. Her name means ''mother'' in the ancient Egyptian l ...

(Ramesside Period) * TT286 Niay, scribe of the table (Ramesside Period) * TT287 Pendua, wab-priest of Amun (Ramesside Period) * TT288 Bakenkhons, scribe of divine book of Khons <(Ramesside Period) * TT289 Setau, viceroy of Kush, overseer of the South Lands, chief bowman of Kush (

) * TT293 Ramessesnakht, high priest of Amun ( 20th Dynasty) * TT300 Anhotep, viceroy of Kush (

)

TT (Theban Tomb) 301 to 400

* TT301 Hori, scribe of the table of Pharaoh in the Amun domain (Ramesside Period) * TT302 Paraemheb, overseer of the magazine (Ramesside Period) * TT303 Paser, head of the magazine of Amun, Third Prophet of Amun (Ramesside Period) * TT304 Piay, scribe of the offering-table of Amun, scribe of the Lord of the Two Lands (Ramesside Period) * TT305 Paser, wab-priest in front of Amun (Ramesside Period) * TT306 Irdjanen, door-opener of the Amun domain (Ramesside Period) * TT307 Thonefer (Ramesside Period) * TT332 Penrenutet, chief watchman of the granary of the Amun domain (Ramesside Period) * TT333 and TT334 both unknown. ( 18th Dynasty) * TT344 Piay, overseer of the cattle (Ramesside Period) * TT375, TT376, TT377, TT378, and TT379, all unknown (Ramesside Period) * TT393 and TT396 unknown ( 18th Dynasty) * TT394 and TT395 unknown (Ramesside Period)

TT (Theban Tomb) 401 to 415

* TT401 Nebseni, overseer of goldsmiths of Amun ( 18th Dynasty) * TT402 unknown ( 18th Dynasty)

Tombs discovered then became lost

Tomb A.1 A tomb ( grc-gre, τύμβος ''tumbos'') is a :wikt:repository, repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes. Placing a corpse into a tomb can be ...

Amenemhet, ka-servant( 18th Dynasty) * Tomb A.2 "Tomb of the Dancers" * Tomb A.3 Ruru, chief of the Medjay (

) *

Tomb A.4 A tomb ( grc-gre, τύμβος ''tumbos'') is a :wikt:repository, repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes. Placing a corpse into a tomb can be ...

Si-User, scribe, mayor of the southern city, overseer of the granary (

) * Tomb A.5 Neferhotep, overseer of granaries ( 18th Dynasty) * Tomb A.6 Djehutinefer, overseer of marshlands of the Lord of the Two Lands (

) * Tomb A.7 Amenhotep, scribe ( 18th Dynasty) * Tomb A.8 Amenemhab, royal scribe, steward in the mansion of Amenhotep I on the west of Thebes ( 18th Dynasty or

) * Tomb A.9 unknown ( 18th Dynasty) *

Tomb A.10 A tomb ( grc-gre, τύμβος ''tumbos'') is a :wikt:repository, repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes. Placing a corpse into a tomb can be ...

Djehutynefer, overseer of the treasury 18th Dynasty) *

Tomb A.24 Tomb A.24 is the modern number given to a now lost Theban tomb in Dra' Abu el-Naga'. The burial dates to the ancient Egyptian 18th Dynasty and belongs to the ''second priest of Amun'' Simut. The tomb was already known in the early 19th century a ...

Simut, second priest of Amun

Kampp Tombs

These are tombs that have been discovered and excavated by Friederike Kampp-Seyfried and have been given their designation after her. * Kampp 150, dating to around 18th Dynasty * Kampp 157 Userhat dating to the 18th Dynasty containing eight mummies, 10 wooden sarcophagi and over 1000

ushabti The ushabti (also called shabti or shawabti, with a number of variant spellings) was a funerary figurine used in ancient Egyptian funerary practices. The Egyptological term is derived from , which replaced earlier , perhaps the nisba of "' ...

. * Kampp 161, estimated to be from the 18th Dynasty

Other tombs

* The lost Tomb of Nebamun; scientific analysis in 2008-09 indicated the tomb's location somewhere in the vicinity of Dra' Abu el-Naga' *

Neferhotep Khasekhemre Neferhotep I was an Egyptian pharaoh of the mid Thirteenth Dynasty ruling in the second half of the 18th century BC K.S.B. Ryholt: ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC'', Carst ...

, findspot of the

Papyrus Boulaq 18 The Papyrus Boulaq 18 is an ancient Egyptian administrative document. It contains an account of the Theban palace dating to the 13th Dynasty (around 1750 BC). The papyrus lists the palace officials and the rations they received day by day. Importa ...

*It is very likely that the complexes K93.11 and K93.12 can be attributed to king

Amenhotep I Amenhotep I () ( egy, jmn-ḥtp(w) /jaˌmanuwˈħatpaw/ "Amun is satisfied"; Amarna cuneiform ''a-ma-an-ha-at-pe'' or ''-at-pa''), Amenôthes I, or Amenophis I, (,) from Ancient Greek Ἀμένωφις ,Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.126 additionally ...

and his mother Ahmes-Nefertari. * the remains of the pyramid of king

(one of the last kings of the 17th dynasty) were discovered and excavated in 2001 *tomb of a high court official of

's named Teti

References

Bibliography

*Marilina Betrò, Del Vesco Paolo,

Gianluca Miniaci Gianluca Miniaci is an Italian Egyptologist, currently Associate Professor at the University of Pisa. He studied from 1999 to 2004 Classical Archaeology and wrote his dissertation in Egyptology on "The royal necropolis of the 17th dynasty at Dra ...

: ''Seven seasons at Dra Abu El-Naga. The tomb of Huy (TT 14): preliminary results'', Progetti 3, Pisa 2009 *Daniel Polz: ''Topographical Archaeology in Dra‘ Abu el-Naga - Three Thousand Years of Cultural History'', Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abt. Kairo, 68, 2012 (2014), pp. 115–134 {{Coord, 25, 44, 07, N, 32, 37, 14, E, display=title, region:EG_type:landmark_source:dewiki Theban tombs